And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil
to make his face shine, and bread that strengtheneth man's heart...
- Psalm 104:15
One of the symptoms of the
modern malaise, and one of the consequences of the loss of integral wisdom, is
the confusion that abounds among people regarding food, diet and nutrition. It
is generally recognized that modern, industrial foods no longer nourish man as
foods in the past but traditional understandings of the proper sustenance for
human beings have, in all but a few parts of the world, disappeared. Modern,
industrial foods, processed and prepackaged, are increasingly the norm. It was
calculated several years ago that a new McDonald's restaurant opened somewhere
on the Earth every seventeen hours of every day of the year, and the rate is
probably faster today. Against this, there is a general hankering for more
healthy foods and dietary habits, but this is a response to concerns developed
out of the methods and findings of profane science, not out of an
acknowledgement of a lost legacy of traditional understandings. Similarly, many
people are turning to vegetarianism and more humane diets, but this is out of a
squeamish horror for new "factory" methods of meat production, not
out of an appreciation of the degree to which modern meat production violates
and shuns traditional notions of sacrifice and respect for the slaughtered
creature. Many are dabbling with exotic diets and even more are falling into
various fads. The scientists one day report that wheat grass cures cancer; the
next day that it causes it. More generally, people have lost the traditional contacts with the past
communicated through family
recipes and food lore and the institution of the common table and, increasingly,
even the knowledge and skill to prepare sustaining meals from simple
ingredients. This is all a measure of alienation and of modern man's rupture
from the guiding patterns of tradition.
Cooking
and Cosmology
In a traditional order the
preparation and understanding of food is a cosmological art and science. It is
kept within its own proper dimensions and provided with a sacred context by
some manner of revelation. In the Judeo-Christian world the Book of Genesis
provides man with the right to enjoy the produce of the earth - though he must
labour for it - and both the Jewish and Christian religions derived from the
Biblical revelations are subsequently concerned, as a matter of doctrine, with
the sanctity of food. In traditional cultures everywhere the preparation and
eating of food is heavily ritualized and subject to divine regulation. In the modern order, in contrast, food
is simply a matter of utility, fashion and sensual indulgence. The practice of
giving thanks to the Creator before a meal persists among marginalised groups
of religionists but on the whole modern man gives not a thought to where his
food came from and has not an inkling of its relevance to his spiritual as well
as physical well-being. The Semitic avoidance of pork seems a silly superstition
and the dietary strictures of Lent seem ridiculous inconveniences. More
comprehensively, modern man has no idea that there was once in the past, and is
still in some corners of the Earth, a science of nutrition derived from a
sacred cosmology. The strictures and taboos of religions set boundaries; within
those boundaries, in traditional cultures, flourish cosmological arts and
sciences based upon a sacred understanding of nature. The modern health food
movement is correct to point out the short-comings of modern man's divorce from
nature, but his divorce from the sacred was its prelude. The health food
movement is a profane reaction to the obvious inadequacies of the modern diet;
it thinks in terms of chemical constituents and vitamins. In the traditional
mind "nature" is, more importantly, Creation - foods are evidence of God's mercy and bounty, and the
natural order reflects a sacred design with an exact relation to the human
being. Typically, the body of man is seen as a microcosm of the greater cosmos,
with both permeated with an identical order that is itself of divine origin.
When modern man sees a traditional Chinese meal being prepared he may think no
more than "Yum! I love stir-fry!" The health food enthusiast may take
stock of the meal's protein content, minerals and enzymes and feel satisfied,
in a sentimental way, that it is full of "natural" ingredients. But a
traditional man sees the bowl of the heavens in the smooth, black concave form
of the wok, and he sees the grains of rice as stars and the vegetables -
parsnips and carrots cut as half-moons or hexagrams - as representatives of the
planets. He sees the stirring and agitation of the ingredients as mimickery of
the swirling courses of the heavenly bodies and the whole act of cooking as a
cosmological process in minature. It is an act that participates in the
processes of a divine and intelligent creation. Traditional approaches to foods
place them within a wider cosmological context.
Categories
of Food
In contrast to the approach
of profane chemistry with its carbohydrates, anti-oxidants and the like,
traditional approaches understand
the virtues and vices of particular foods in terms of cosmological categories
such as the Yin and Yang of the Chinese. Some foodstuffs are classified as Yin
and some as Yang and the balance of a diet is determined by avoiding too much
of one or the other or by countering foods that are strongly Yin with others
that are strongly Yang. The traditional European equivalent to this was the
system of four humors inherited from ancient Greek sources. Some foods were
regarded as hot, others as cold, some as dry and others as moist, and their
nutritional value was assessed in terms of their action upon corresponding hot,
cold, dry and moist humors and organs of the body. The scientistic mind
dismisses these systems as fumbling attempts to uncover the secret order of
nature revealed at last by the chemists and geneticists. In fact, these systems
were aspects of a profound sacred science transmitting the wisdom of an ancient
contemplation of nature rooted in metaphysical principles. Something of the
four humor system still exists in the Muslim world where foods are described as
either hot (garmi) or cold (sardi), with four possible degrees of
each, with foods acting upon either the blood, the phlegm, the bile or the
black bile of the body. The classifications are not made on the basis of crude
chemical analysis but refer rather to essences (akhlat). The heat and the cold are not measures of calories or
energy with which the modern physical sciences are concerned but are cosmic
polarities inherent in all things of creation. Sometimes the shape, colour,
habit of growth or other factors are crucial in determining the value of the
food. Thus, for instance, plump, short-grained rice tends to be a hot (garmi) food, but the longer grained
varieties are cooler. Sometimes these determinations arise directly from the
recommendations of the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad, many collections of
which are particularly rich in food-lore. In one hadith, the Prophet is
reported as having said, "The main cause of disease is eating one meal on
top of another." Apart from the obvious good sense of this saying, the
Muslim tradition has taken these words to refer to the mysteries of digestion
which depend upon the hot and cold essences. In particular, there must be an
appropriate amount of heat for the body to accomplish all of the
transformations of digestion; otherwise the body grows cold and the
transformations cease. Modern processed foods and the mainstays of the modern
Western diet - refined sugar, refined flour, beef, dairy products, potato
starch - are cold foods; typically the modern Western diet yields only enough
heat (garmi) to accomplish the
crudest physical transformations while the more subtle but vital qualities of
the food remains undigested and pass through the body. Consequently, people
living on such a diet seek out stimulants and turn to modern medicines which
are all hot (garmi) in their effect.
Eastern traditions such as Ayruvedic or Taoist medicine make the same analysis
in terms of their own categories. The Muslim tradition finds its authority in
the Islamic revelation, and uses terminology and concepts that are meaningful
within Islamic civilization, but the principles are universal. Garmi and Sardi
are essentially the same principles as Yin and Yang, and the Eastern traditions
too understand nutrition as an alchemy of digestion requiring a balance of
these universal forces.
Traditional
Cooking Methods
One of the characteristics
of traditional methods of cooking is the tendency to employ a small measure of
heat for long periods of time. This is particularly the case with grains which
were often simmered for days before being consumed. This was not only to soften
the grain - a shorter period of cooking would achieve that - but also to make
it more digestible and sustaining and to effect profound changes in the
substance of the grain. The modern, scientific approach to these matters
reports the loss of vitamins and chemical nutrients in long cooking and
recommends raw or lightly cooked foods. The pace of modern life also tends to
promote quick and simple meals, zipped open and popped into a microwave oven.
But in China, India, Japan, the Middle East and in medieval Europe meals were
often cooked for long, not short, periods and special qualities were said to
have been imparted to foods prepared in these ways. Time was considered an
essential factor in nutrition. This is still recognized in the case of foods
like cheese and wine, which mature over time, but it is no longer recognized as
important to the preparation of grain and vegetable foods. Traditional methods,
found throughout the world, typically take a whole grain such as wheat berries,
cover in water or broth, add a little salt, and seal in a heavy pot cooked over
a very low heat overnight or for several days. Other ingredients may be added
at particular stages of the cooking. Jewish cuisine knows several dishes cooked
for seven days, including the proverbial Chicken Soup where a whole bird, head
to feet, is boiled slowly for seven days until it is reduced to a gelatinous
liquid. This is indeed a type of domestic alchemy. It recalls the long, slow
cooking methods employed in the transmutations of the alchemist. This is the
dimension of which modern science knows nothing. Traditional long cooking
methods seek to transmute food, not just warm it through. A similar intention
lies behind the Chinese practice of pickling eggs for extraordinary lengths of
time, sometimes hundreds of years. The egg is not just pickled, but transformed
into a new substance. These methods of food preparation are calculated to
manipulate garmi or sardi, yin or yang, and to transform the essence of
foodstuffs, not only their crude constituents.
Balance
The diets of so-called
primitive peoples, hunter/gatherers, is characterized by diversity. Neolithic
remains preserved in peat-bogs reveal that people then ate a fantastic array of
seeds, roots, tubers, grubs, insects, flowers and herbs, as well as fish and
meat, all in small quantities. No foodstuff predominated. The advent of
civilizations, however, brought the domestication of cereal grains which were
used as staples. The diversity of the primitive diet became the array of
accompaniments - sauces, dips, salads - to the bed of grain, rice, wheat,
barley or maize, that formed the foundation of the meal. The inherent balance
of the diverse primitive diet was maintained by devising methods of
concentrating and enhancing foods. (The Jewish Chicken Soup, for instance,
distills a foraging bird with a naturally diverse diet down to its essence.)
Typically, meat consumption was irregular and connected with religious
observances; a legume accompanied the grain as a staple source of protein. Rice
and the soybean were the nutritional foundations of Chinese civilization, like
wheat and the chick pea in the Middle East and rice and dhal or lentils in
India. The modern, industrial Western diet, however, deviates from this norm
significantly. Meat - devoid of all religious associations and prepared without
responsibility to the creature or its Creator - has become the focus of the
meal, accompanied by a narrow selection of vegetables and, very often, no
grains whatsoever. The side dishes have become the main event. The
"balanced" meal described by modern nutrition experts is balanced in
terms of crude chemistry but not in terms of the equilibrium crafted by the
grain-based diets of the great, traditional civilizations.
The
Potato
The single most disruptive
historical event bringing Western diets out of step with traditional diets was
the introduction of the potato from the New World. Its introduction coincided
with the era of scepticism and materialism and the revolt against tradition. On
a practical level, this member of the nightshade family, poisonous in every
part except its tuber, became established as a grain substitute, and from that time forth the European diet
deviated from the traditional grain-based diet. In some countries princes
legislated to ban the traditional grain crops such as rye - distrupting
century-old patterns of agricultural life - and to make the growing of the
potato compulsory because, as a tuber, growing below the surface of the soil,
it was a crop relatively immune to the destruction of invading armies. In some
parts there was widespread resistance to the introduction of the potato and
suspicion about its value as a food. Modern science reports on its starch and
vitamin content, but the traditional mind is more concerned with the fact that,
unlike the sun-loving (vertical-growing) cereals, the potato grows by division
(horizontally) in the darkness of the soil and, in fact, hates the sun so much
it starts producing toxins in its skin on exposure to light. Photosynthesis is
a toxic process in the potato; in contrast to the grains it replaced it is a
plant of the darkness.
Bread
Nothing illustrates the
decline of the Western diet from traditional norms more dramatically than the
recent history of bread. The white, fluffy stuff found on modern tables,
alleged to be "bread", bears no resemblance to what was known as
bread in traditional times, the "staff of life". Modern bread is a
highly processed product that, if it contains any goodness at all, has had it
added in the form of synthetic vitamins and reconstitutions of the very
substances destroyed during processing. The history of the decline of bread,
however, has largely to do with rising agents and leavens. Traditional breads
were either sourdough risen or unleavened. They were heavy and chewy and nutty
in flavour and deeply sustaining. In the 19th C. German chemists isolated
strains of active yeasts and the era of industrial bread, produced with a
uniform rising agent, began. The sourdough was a very local foodstuff. A batter
is exposed to the air and to whatever yeasts are in the region and allowed to
turn sour. This is then folded into the dough and left to rise after kneading.
In this way people developed a very specific acquaintance with the microflora
of their district, as the scientists would explain it. Industrial or 'German'
yeasts were produced in laboratories under controlled conditions; the yeasts
were pure monocultures and allowed a uniform end-product that was lighter than
any bread made from the comparatively hapazhard sourdough method. Further
refining of the flour allowed an even lighter bread until it became more of a
confection than a bread in any proper sense. Very soon, the taste and texture
of traditional breads was forgotten altogether. In more recent times this
process has gone even further so that now chemical rising agents have replaced
the German yeasts, ostensibly because they do the same job more cheaply and
more quickly and because, increasingly, people are intolerant to the industrial
strains of yeast. The sacred status of and the mysteries associated with bread
in various traditions need not be recounted in detail here. We need only point
out what an extraordinary spectacle it is that the decline of bread sketched
above could have occured in a civilization that in ancient times knew the cult
of Demeter and the mysteries of Eleusis and, for the last 2000 years, has had
the Christian Eucharist, a meal of bread, as its central and most solemn
ritual.
Drinks
A number of other things
also deserve to be mentioned as symptomatic of the way dietery changes in the
modern West parallel its deviation from tradition in general. Modernity is thirsty; both
metaphorically, for a wisdom it no longer even suspects exists, and literally
for a diet awash with drinks. Other than the proliferation of McDonald's
restaurants, the global reach of Coca Cola promotion is another emblem of the
spread of non-traditional, industrial foods. Traditional diets include far
fewer liquids than the typical modern, Western diet. This is largely because
traditional diets are grain based and a large portion of the necessary daily
liquids is consumed through the liquid absorbed through boiled or steamed
grains. There are far fewer liquids and far more salts in meat, however, so the
modern meat-based diet requires supplementary liquids, usually in the form of
sugared drinks and soda waters or plentiful cups of tea and coffee. In
traditional cultures, such as that of Japan, drinks come in small cups and are
infrequent. The notion that drinking large quantities of liquid is a healthy
practice is non-traditional. Traditional understandings think of the human
digestive system, as indicated above, as like the athenor of the alchemist; popular opinion in the modern West holds
it to be a type of drainage system that needs to be flushed out regularly. The subtle transmutations achieved by
traditional cooking methods are designed to duplicate and advance the processes
of human digestion. (In many languages the same word is used for cooking and to
describe the processes of digestion.) Many traditional foods, such as soybean
foods like the Japanese miso, or
dairy foods such as yoghurt, or brassica foods such as sauerkraut, are
predigested ferments specially adapted by traditional methods for human
digestion. Their benefits, and all but the crudest processes of digestion, are
lost in a diet with a high liquid intake. Alcoholic beverages, wine and beer,
were once foods, means of preserving juice and grains, again by means of live
yeasts and fermentation. Their decline and denaturing is evident from the fact
that these drinks today require artificial preservatives to keep them, a task
originally and properly belonging to the alcohol itself.
Salt
Related to the high liquid
intake of the modern diet is a profoundly disturbed relationship between man
and his most intimate contact with the mineral realm, salt. Salt is the
traditional, universal condiment of mankind, essential for his survival and for
his enjoyment of flavour, yet in modern nutritional reckonings it is problematical
and associated with various modern diseases. This has to do, again, with the
refining of the modern table salt and its corruption with free-flowing agents
and, again, preservatives (as if salt, like alcohol, was not a preservative
itself), and to do with the high consumption of meat and animal-grade salts in
the modern diet. Traditional cultures understand better the proper, even
sacred, role of salt in the life of man and use it appropriately as a catalyst
to enhance the flavour of food rather than to mask its tastelessness, which is
the role of salt in industrial, processed foods. Salt is a bond of human
community. When Semitic food restrictions forbid the drinking of blood they
are, just as much, insisting upon a social order that ensures the proper
distribution of mineral or sea salt. According to the Hadith, the Prophet
Muhammad began and finished every meal with a pinch of salt and praised it as a
blessed thing. It is a symbol of purity and wisdom. Without the catalyst of
salt the transmutations of traditional cooking methods are without effect.
Conclusion
Interest in Eastern
spirituality among dissatisfied Westerners is often accompanied by the
discovery of a different and more traditional type of cuisine. This is a very immediate way in which
they can experience something of the traditional order for which they long. The
traditional culinary wisdom of the Chinese and Japanese no longer prevails in
China and Japan, but it is far more intact than traditional ways in the West.
With the necessary adjustments it is still possible to reconstruct many
traditional methods and recipes from their current corruptions. This is also
true of Middle Eastern cuisine. It has been corrupted with cane sugar (a cold -
sardi - form of sweetness, sweetners
normally being hot foods), with stimulants (coffee), nightshades (tomatoes,
aubergines) and, as in Islamic culture generally, affluent urban living has led
to the over-consumption of meat, but it is still possible to discern the
outlines of the traditional diet, based on cereal grains (cous cous, burghul)
and legumes (fava beans, chick peas). In rural areas it is still possible to
find people cooking rich, grain-based stews using long, slow traditional
cooking methods. These are the same areas where traditional craftsmen can still
be found crafting their wares and where sacred patterns, derived from
revelation, inform every aspect of life. They will tell you in these parts that
the fast of Ramadan is not only to remind the faithful of what it is like to be
hungry - a sociological and sentimerntal explanation - but that it has
mysterious effects upon the liver and the humors, and they will recommend
traditional Ramadan dishes that cleanse the organs of the body and bring
visions to the soul. There can be no doubt that modernity brings with it a diet
that is not only a product of profane understandings but that makes men profane
beings, insensitive to the spiritual and isolated from the living forces of the
cosmos. There is more at stake in the foods we eat than refilling our inner
test-tubes on a regular basis or of avoiding carcinogens and other hazards, and
there is more to food in a sacred culture than simply saying "Grace"
with meals. Industrial foods are fodder for automatons, soulless food for the
soulless. This is not just a matter of health, but of a relation to the
macrocosm, our place as creatures in creation.
This article was first published in the Canadian traditionalist journal SACRED WEB.
